Detection of arboviruses in Aedes aegypti through transovarian analysis: A study in Goiânia, Goiás.

BACKGROUND: Arboviral diseases are a group of infectious diseases caused by viruses transmitted by arthropods, mainly mosquitoes. These diseases, such as those caused by the dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV), chikungunya (CHIKV), and yellow fever (YFV) viruses, have a significant impact worldwide. In this context, entomological surveillance plays a crucial role in the control and prevention of arboviruses by providing essential information on the presence, distribution, and activity of vector mosquitoes. Based on entomological surveillance, transovarian transmission provides information regarding the maintenance and dissemination of arboviruses. The objective of this study was to detect these arboviruses in Goiânia, Goiás, and analyze the occurrence of transovarian transmission. METHODS: Aedes aegypti eggs were collected from different regions of Goiânia and cultivated under controlled laboratory conditions until the emergence of adult mosquitoes. Adult females were grouped into pools containing their heads and thoraxes. These pools were subsequently evaluated using reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay. RESULTS: A total of 157 pools (N=1570) were analyzed, with two pools testing positive for CHIKV and one pool testing positive for ZIKV, indicating that the offspring resulting from transovarian transmission are potentially infectious. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, the demonstration of the vertical transmission mechanisms of CHIKV and ZIKV in A. aegypti serves as an alert to health authorities, as these diseases are still underreported, and their primary urban vector has likely acquired this capacity, contributing to the dissemination of these infections.

Advancing Chikungunya Diagnosis: A Cost-Effective and Rapid Visual employing Loop-mediated isothermal reaction.

The diagnosis of Chikungunya (CHIKV), along with the simultaneous monitoring of virus circulation in the population or vectors, is essential for global health. Although effective diagnostic methods for CHIKV, such as RT-qPCR, exist, their utilization is constrained by high costs. With the aim of contributing to the field of diagnostics, we have developed a diagnostic assay using isothermal amplification technology with visually interpretable results. This test can detect the virus within a maximum timeframe of 30 minutes. The detection limit of RT-LAMP CHIKV was found to be 66 copies of RNA molecules (Ct ≅ 31.28), and no cross-reactivity with other arboviruses was observed. During test validation, our assay demonstrated a sensitivity of 80.43%, specificity of 100%, and an overall accuracy of 88.89%. By utilizing more cost-effective reagents and equipment compared to RT-qPCR, this test holds the potential for broader application and enhanced accessibility, particularly in point-of-care settings.

Detection of arboviruses in Aedes aegypti through transovarian analysis: A study in Goiânia, Goiás

Abstract Background: Arboviral diseases are a group of infectious diseases caused by viruses transmitted by arthropods, mainly mosquitoes. These diseases, such as those caused by the dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV), chikungunya (CHIKV), and yellow fever (YFV) viruses, have a significant impact worldwide. In this context, entomological surveillance plays a crucial role in the control and prevention of arboviruses by providing essential information on the presence, distribution, and activity of vector mosquitoes. Based on entomological surveillance, transovarian transmission provides information regarding the maintenance and dissemination of arboviruses. The objective of this study was to detect these arboviruses in Goiânia, Goiás, and analyze the occurrence of transovarian transmission. Methods: Aedes aegypti eggs were collected from different regions of Goiânia and cultivated under controlled laboratory conditions until the emergence of adult mosquitoes. Adult females were grouped into pools containing their heads and thoraxes. These pools were subsequently evaluated using reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay. Results: A total of 157 pools (N=1570) were analyzed, with two pools testing positive for CHIKV and one pool testing positive for ZIKV, indicating that the offspring resulting from transovarian transmission are potentially infectious. Conclusions: In summary, the demonstration of the vertical transmission mechanisms of CHIKV and ZIKV in A. aegypti serves as an alert to health authorities, as these diseases are still underreported, and their primary urban vector has likely acquired this capacity, contributing to the dissemination of these infections.

Report of natural Mayaro virus infection in Mansonia humeralis (Dyar & Knab, Diptera: Culicidae).

BACKGROUND: Arboviruses are a group of viruses transmitted to vertebrate hosts by certain blood-feeding arthropods. Among urban vectors of arboviruses, mosquitoes of the genus Aedes are the most common. However, other mosquitoes may be susceptible to infection and involved in the transmission, such as Mansonia spp. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether Mansonia humeralis can be infected with the Mayaro virus (MAYV). METHODS: These insects were collected from 2018 to 2020 in chicken coops of rural communities in Jaci Paraná in Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil, while performing blood-feeding on roosters. The mosquitoes were randomly grouped in pools from which the head and thorax were macerated and checked for the presence of MAYV by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The positive pools were used to infect the C6/36 cell line, and on different days post-infection, the supernatant of the infected cells was subjected to viral detection by RT-qPCR. RESULTS: A total of 183 pools of female mosquitoes were tested, of which 18% were positive for MAYV; some samples from insect pools inoculated into C6/36 cells showed in vitro multiplication capacity between 3 and 7 days post-infection. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of Ma. humeralis mosquitoes that are naturally infected by MAYV, indicating that these vectors may be potential transmitting agents of this arbovirus.

Detection of Mayaro virus in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes circulating in Goiânia-Goiás-Brazil.

The Arboviral diseases are caused by arthropod-borne viruses, such as Mayaro virus (MAYV), the etiological agent of Mayaro fever. This disease has been drawing the attention of the public health authorities for the increased number of cases likely due to virus adaptation for survival to urban areas as well as infection and multiplication in other vectors insects. Therefore, this work aimed to identify the MAYV infecting Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in Goiânia, the capital of state of Goiás, Brazil. For the development of study, the larvae of A. aegypti were collected in Basic Health Units from different regions of Goiânia then the larvae were grown to adult mosquitoes in controlled laboratory conditions. The female mosquitoes were submitted to the procedure of head and body separation. The RNAs obtained from these samples were analyzed by real-time PCR for identification of arboviruses. We only detect the presence of MAVY in the mosquitoes, in this sense our findings suggest that A. aegypti harbor MAYV in different anatomical sites, and potentially the process of vertical transmission of MAYV can occur in this vector.

Molecular epidemiological investigation of Mayaro virus in febrile patients from Goiania City, 2017-2018.

Mayaro virus (MAYV) has historically been associated with sylvatic transmission; however, urban outbreaks have been reported in Brazil, including cases of co-detection with dengue virus (DENV). Therefore, we performed a molecular survey to investigate MAYV circulation and cocirculation with DENV within Goiania, a major city in Central-West Brazil. Among 375 subjects with arbovirus-like symptoms, 259 were positive for DENV and 26 for MAYV. Of these, 17 were coinfected with DENV-2, suggesting co-transmission of the viruses. The most common complaints at the time of inclusion were myalgia, headache, fever, arthralgia, retro-orbital pain, and skin rash. No specific symptoms were associated with MAYV when either detected alone or co-detected with DENV, compared to that when DENV was detected alone. Most MAYV-infected subjects were women with no recent travel history to rural/sylvatic areas. Phylogenetic reconstruction indicated that the MAYV identified in this study is closely related with a lineage observed in Peru, belonging to genotype D. Our results corroborate the growing circulation of MAYV in urban environments in Brazil and reinforce the need to implement laboratory diagnosis in the Unified Health System, considering that the clinical manifestations of Mayaro fever are similar to those of other arboviruses, particularly dengue. Furthermore, most cases occurred in association with DENV-2. Further phylogenetic studies are needed to evaluate MAYV, which has not been widely examined.

Influence of genetic polymorphisms in glutathione-S-transferases gene in response to imatinib among Brazilian patients with chronic myeloid leukemia.

Polymorphism in metabolizing enzymes can influence drug response as well as the risk for adverse drug reactions. Nevertheless, there are still few studies analyzing the consequence of polymorphisms for the Glutathione-S-transferases (GST) gene to drug response in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). This study reports, the influence of GSTP1*B and GSTT1/GSTM1null polymorphisms in response to imatinib in CML patients in a Brazilian population. One hundred thirty-nine CML patients from the Clinical Hospital of Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil, treated with imatinib were enrolled in this study. Genotyping of GSTT1 and GSTM1 genes deletions were performed by qPCR and of GSTP1 gene was performed by RFLP-PCR. The frequency of GSTP1*1B, GSTT1 and GSTM1null polymorphisms were determined for all patients. The influence of each patient's genotypes was analyzed with the patient's response to imatinib treatment. Brazilian CML patients revealed GSTT1 and GSTM1 genes deletions. GSTT1 deletion was found in 19.3% of patients and GSTM1 deletion in 48.7% of patients with CML. GSTT1/GSTM1 deletion was found in 11.7% in Brazilian CML patients. The "G allele" of GSTP1*B, is associated with later cytogenetic response in imatinib therapy. While, the gene presence combined with GG genotype (GSTM1 present/GSTPI-GG) conferred a tend to a later cytogenetic response to patients. GSTP1*B and GSTT1/GSTM1null polymorphisms influence treatment response in CML. Brazilian CML patients presenting GSTP1 AA/AG genotypes alone and in combination with GSTT1 null reach the cytogenetic response faster, while patients presenting GSTP1-GG and GSTMI positive genotypes may take longer to achieve cytogenetic response. As a result, it allows a better prognosis, with the use of an alternative therapy, other than reducing treatment cost.

Um programa de mentoria para estudantes de Medicina de uma universidade do Centro-Oeste brasileiro / A mentoring program for medicine students at a University inthe Midwest of Brazil

Resumo: Introdução: Neste artigo, fazemos um relato de experiência da implantação e do funcionamento de um programa de mentoria aplicado a estudantes de graduação do curso de Medicina de uma universidade do Centro-Oeste brasileiro. É consenso que a pressão dos cursos de Medicina provoca sobrecarga emocional e afeta negativamente os estudantes, e é preciso que medidas de apoio sejam implementadas. Relato de experiência: O programa de mentoria da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Goiás teve um processo de construção lógico. Foi criado no início de 2015, pelo reconhecimento da necessidade da instituição em apoiar os acadêmicos durante sua graduação, fato evidenciado a partir do atendimento psicológico ao aluno e de uma pesquisa in loco. Os seguintes aspectos-chave caracterizam o programa: é oferecido como uma disciplina eletiva, pode ser feito até cinco vezes e,além de um encontro mensal com o mentor, o estudante escolhe as oficinas de que deseja participar, diversificando assim sua formação. Após 12 semestres de funcionamento, sintetizamos neste artigo uma parte de nossos resultados e algumas reflexões sobre o que queremos para o futuro do programa. Discussão: A implementação da mentoria e suas adequações foram resultados de pesquisa, capacitação, discussões dos docentes e avaliação periódica pelos mentorados. As mudanças procuraram atender às expectativas e sugestões dos estudantes, objetivando atrair a atenção e satisfazer aos anseios dos discentes. Ao longo dos 12 semestres de funcionamento do programa, o interesse dos alunos pela matrícula na disciplina cresceu, com forte avaliação positiva, especialmente pela livre escolha e diversidade de oficinas, e pelo envolvimento do tutor. Conclusão: As instituições de ensino devem estimular a criação de programas de mentoria. O programa relatado neste artigo tem tido boa aceitação por parte dos alunos e nos aponta bons resultados.

Abstract: Introduction: This article reports on the experience of implementing and running a mentoring program for medical school students at a Brazilian university in the Midwest region. It is widely accepted that the pressure at medical school is detrimental to the students and often leads to emotional overload. Therefore, supporting mechanisms must be implemented. Experience report: The mentoring program at the Federal University of Goiás had a logical beginning. It was created in early 2015, after psychotherapy services offered to the students led to an in loco research study, which in turn pointed out the need to provide support to students throughout their undergraduate studies. There are some key characteristic aspects of the program: it's an elective course, which can be taken up to 5 times, and the students can choose the workshops they want to attend in addition to the monthly meeting with the mentor, which allows for diverse paths to be followed. After twelve semesters in existence, this article presents a summary of some of the results obtained and reflections on the future of this program. Discussion: The implementation of the program and its adaptations resulted from research, professional development, discussions among professors and regular assessments by the mentees. Changes were made according to the expectations and suggestions of participating students, aiming to effectively meet their needs and represent a desirable course. Since its inception, the program has attracted increasingly more students, and enjoyed a strong positive evaluation, mainly due to the various workshops to choose from and engagement with the mentor. Conclusion: Universities should support the creation of such mentoring programs. The program discussed in this article has been well received and points towards positive outcomes.

Avaliação dos níveis solúveis de sTIM-3, s4-1BB e de citocinas inflamatórias em mulheres com câncer de mama triplo negativo localmente avançado submetidas a quimioterapia neoadjuvante / Evaluation of soluble levels of sTIM-3, s4-1BB and inflammatory cytokines in women with locally advanced triple negative breast cancer submitted to neoadjuvant chemotherapy

Introdução: O câncer de mama triplo negativo (CMTN) corresponde de 10 a 20% dos carcinomas invasivos de mama, é altamente agressivo e na maioria das vezes tem apenas a quimioterapia padrão como tratamento. As citocinas inflamatórias são um grupo heterogêneo de proteínas solúveis produzidas por diferentes tipos de células, que medeiam e regulam o sistema imune. A resposta imune celular é regulada por proteínas acessórias denominadas receptores co-estimuladores e co-inibidores, como 4-1BB e TIM-3, respectivamente. A procura por biomarcadores que possam predizer resposta à quimioterapia neoadjuvante (QT neo) ainda é um desafio na medicina. Objetivo: Avaliar os níveis solúveis de sTIM-3 e s4-1BB, e de citocinas inflamatórias no sangue de mulheres com câncer de mama triplo negativo localmente avançado e associá-los à sobrevida livre de doença e com o tipo de resposta patológica à QT neo. Métodos: O estudo foi realizado entre os anos de 2015 e 2017 no Hospital de Câncer de Pernambuco (HCP) e Laboratório de Pesquisa Translacional do Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP). Foram incluídas 29 mulheres, entre 18 e 60 anos de idade, com diagnóstico de CMTN localmente avançado e submetidas à QT neo, e um grupo de 30 mulheres saudáveis. Coletas de sangue periférico foram realizadas antes e após a QT neo. A dosagem dos níveis solúveis de s4-1BB e sTIM-3 foi realizada por enzyme linked immunonoSorbent assay (ELISA). As dosagens de IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α e IL-10 foram realizadas pela técnica de Cytometric Bead Array por citometria de fluxo. O nível de significância estatística foi de p<0,05. Resultados: Níveis mais elevados de IL-6 e de IL-10 foram observados no grupo de pacientes com tumor T4 com relação as grupo T2-T3 (p<0.05). Níveis elevados de IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 e TNF-α no grupo CMTN com status linfonodal N2 versus N0 e N1 (p<0,05). Os níveis de IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-10 e TNF-α foram elevados no grupo com resposta patológica parcial (RP) quando comparado aos grupos com resposta patológica completa (RC) e controles (p<0,05). Com relação aos níveis de IL-8, os grupos de pacientes RC e RP apresentaram níveis elevados quando comparados aos controles (p<0,05). Não foi observada diferença significativa de IL-8 entre os grupos RC e RP. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas em níveis de s4-1BB E sTIM-3 de acordo com o tumor primário e status linfonodal. Elevados níveis de s4-1BB foram observados no grupo RC comparado aos grupos RP e de controles (p<0,0004 e p<0,0001, respectivamente). Da mesma forma, os níveis de sTIM-3 foram mais elevados nas pacientes com RC e RP em relação aos controles (p<0,0001 e p<0,0003, respectivamente). Para análise da sobrevida livre de doença (SLD) em 24 meses de seguimento, utilizamos como ponto de corte o valor da mediana (< ou ≥ percentil 50) dos níveis solúveis de sTIM-3 e s4-1BB. Não houve diferenças significativas na SLD entre os grupos com níveis de s4-1BB ≥ 122 e < 122 pg/mL. A SLD foi de 93,33% no grupo com níveis de sTIM-3 < 2874 pg/mL e de 60% no grupo com níveis ≥ 2874 pg/mL (p=0,03). Conclusão: O s4-1BB foi um bom indicador preditivo de resposta à QT neo, enquanto elevação de sTIM-3 mostrou estar associado ao risco de recidiva loco-regional e metástases à distância. Ambos, TIM-3 e 4-1BB, parecem ser potenciais alvos terapêuticos no CMTN localmente avançado por estarem associadas ao desfecho clínico da doença

Introduction: Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) corresponds to 10 to 20% of invasive breast carcinoma with high aggressiveness and in most cases has only standard chemotherapy as treatment. Inflammatory cytokines are heterogeneous group of soluble proteins produced by different types of cell, that mediate and regulate the immune system. The cellular immune response is regulated by accessory proteins called co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors, such as 4-1BB and TIM-3, respectively. The search for biomarkers that can predict response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is still a challenge to medicine. Objective: To evaluate the soluble levels of sTIM-3 and s4-1BB, and inflammatory cytokines in the blood of women with locally advanced triple negative breast cancer, and to associate them with disease-free survival and the type of pathological response to NAC. Methods: The study was carried out between the years 2015 and 2017 at the Hospital de Cancer de Pernanbuco (HCP) and Translational Research Laboratory of the Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP). Twenty-nine women, between 18 and 60 years old, diagnosed with locally advanced TNBC, and submitted to NAC, and 30 healthy women were included. Peripheral blood samples were taken before and after neo QT. The determination of the soluble levels of s4-1BB and sTIM-3 was performed by enzyme linked immunonosorbent assay (ELISA). The measurements of IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and IL-10 were performed using the Cytometric Bead Array by flow cytometry. The level of statistical significance was p <0.05. Results: There were higher levels of IL-6 and IL-10 in the group of patients with tumor size T4 compared to groups T2-T3 (p <0.05). High levels of IL-6, IL8, IL-10 and TNF-α were found in the TNBC group with lymph node status in N2 in relation to N0 and N1 (p <0.05). High levels of IL1ß, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α were observed in the group with partial pathological response (PR) when compared to groups with complete pathologial response (RC) and controls (p <0.05). With regard to IL-8 levels, the groups of CR and RP patients showed high levels when compared to controls (p <0.05). There was no significant difference in IL-8 between the CR and PR groups. No significant differences were observed in the levels of s4-1BB and sTIM-3 in accordance with primary tumor and lymph node status. High levels of s4-1BB were observed in the RC group compared to the PR and control groups (p <0.0004 and p <0.0001, respectively). As well, the levels of sTIM-3 were higher in patients with CR and PR compared to controls (p <0.0001 and p <0.0003, respectively). In the analyses of disease-free survival (DFS) with 24 months of follow-up, we used as a cut-off point the median value (< or ≥ 50th percentile) of the soluble levels of sTIM-3 and s4-1BB. There were no significant differences in DFS at 24 months between groups with levels of s4-1BB ≥ 122 and <122 pg/mL. The DFS was 93.33% in the group with sTIM-3 levels <2874 pg/mL and 60% in the group with levels ≥ 2874 pg/mL (p = 0.03). Conclusion: s4-1BB was a good predictive indicator of response to NAC, while elevation of sTIM-3 levels was shown to be associated with the risk of locoregional recurrence and distant metastases. Both TIM-3 and 4-1BB appear to be potential therapeutic targets in locally advanced TNBC because they were associated with the clinical outcome of the disease

Associação de linfadenite tuberculoide axilar e carcinoma de mama com metástase linfonodal em homem: relato de caso / Coexistence of axillary tuberculous lymphadenitis and lymph node metastasis of breast ductal carcinoma in man: case report

A ocorrência simultânea de tuberculose linfonodal e carcinoma metastático da mama é rara e, até o presente caso, sem relatos em literatura de acometimento em pacientes do sexo masculino. O paciente JHSF, 66 anos, sexo masculino, sem histórico de tuberculose pulmonar ou histórico familiar de câncer de mama, apresentou como queixa principal um nódulo na mama esquerda já percebido há oito meses. Exames de imagem evidenciaram nódulo lobulado retroareolar (>1,5 cm), biopsiado como carcinoma invasivo micropapilar. Após mastectomia com biopsia de linfonodo sentinela, foi detectada presença simultânea de metástase linfonodal e linfadenite crô- nica granulomatosa tuberculoide na axila esquerda, ambas confirmadas após ressecamento axilar. Após o tratamento para tuberculose, o paciente iniciou o tratamento antineoplásico sistêmico, quimioterápico e hormonal, adjuvante. O paciente segue em acompanhamento ambulatorial sem recidiva local ou metástases. A associação de câncer de mama e linfadenite tuberculoide é pouco provável, mas não impossível; por isso, não deve deixar de ser considerada, principalmente em regiões endêmicas de tuberculose.

The simultaneous occurrence of lymphnode tuberculosis and metastatic breast carcinoma is rare and, until the present case, there was no report in males subjects in the literature. JHSF, 66, male, with no history of pulmonary tuberculosis or family history of breast cancer, presented the main complaint of having a lump in the left breast for eight months. Imaging studies have demonstrated retroareolar lobed lump (>1,5 cm). The biopsy was positive for micropapillary invasive carcinoma. After mastectomy with sentinel lymphnode biopsy it was detected simultaneous presence of lymphnode metastasis and chronic granulomatous tuberculoid lymphadenitis in the left axilla, confirmed after axillary dryness. After treatment for tuberculosis, the patient was started on adjuvant systemic anticancer treatment, chemotherapy and hormonal. The patient continues in attendance without local recurrence or metastases. The breast cancer and tuberculoid lymphadenitis association is unlikely, but not impossible. So it should not be overlooked, especially in endemic regions of tuberculosis.

Allergic reaction to patent blue dye in breast surgery - case report / Reação alérgica ao corante azul patente em cirurgia de mama - relato de caso

Abstract We present a case of allergic reaction to patent blue in a patient who underwent excision of sentinel lymph node associated with segmental breast resection. About 20 min after the dye injection, the patient developed hypotension (BP = 70 × 30 mmHg) associated with increased heart frequency. The patient was treated successfully with decreased inspired fraction of inhaled anesthetic and fluid replacement. At the end of the procedure, she presented with bluish urticarial-like plaques on the head, neck, upper limbs, and trunk; hydrocortisone was then used. The patient recovered uneventfully and was discharged from the PACU 2 h after the end of surgery without skin changes, and was discharged from hospital on the morning after surgery. The incidence of allergic reactions with the use of patent blue is far superior to the hypersensitivity reactions seen with anesthetic and adjuvant drugs. Therefore, the anesthesiologist must be aware of cardiovascular instability associated with skin changes during the use of patent blue, for early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of this hypersensitivity reaction to this dye.

Resumo Os autores apresentam um caso de reação alérgica ao azul patente em uma paciente submetida à exérese de linfonodo em sentinela associada a uma ressecção segmentar de mama. Paciente apresentou aproximadamente pós 20 minutos da injeção do corante hipotensão (PA = 70 × 30 mmHg) associada a aumento da frequência cardíaca. Foi tratada satisfatoriamente com diminuição da fração inspirada do anestésico inalatório e reposição volêmica. No fim do procedimento apresentava placas urticariformes azuladas em cabeça, pescoço, membros superiores e tronco e foi usada hidrocortisona. Evoluiu, sem intercorrências, na sala de recuperação pós-anestésica e teve alta duas horas após o término do procedimento cirúrgico sem a presença das alterações cutâneas. Alta hospitalar na manhã seguinte à cirurgia. A incidência de reações alérgicas com o emprego do azul patente é muito superior às reações de hipersensibilidade observadas com drogas anestésicas e adjuvantes. Portanto, o anestesiologista deve ficar atento à instabilidade cardiovascular associada a alterações cutâneas quando do uso do azul patente para o diagnóstico precoce e tratamento adequado dessa reação de hipersensibilidade com o emprego do corante.

Allergic reaction to patent blue dye in breast surgery - case report.

We present a case of allergic reaction to patent blue in a patient who underwent excision of sentinel lymph node associated with segmental breast resection. About 20min after the dye injection, the patient developed hypotension (BP=70×30mmHg) associated with increased heart frequency. The patient was treated successfully with decreased inspired fraction of inhaled anesthetic and fluid replacement. At the end of the procedure, she presented with bluish urticarial-like plaques on the head, neck, upper limbs, and trunk; hydrocortisone was then used. The patient recovered uneventfully and was discharged from the PACU 2h after the end of surgery without skin changes, and was discharged from hospital on the morning after surgery. The incidence of allergic reactions with the use of patent blue is far superior to the hypersensitivity reactions seen with anesthetic and adjuvant drugs. Therefore, the anesthesiologist must be aware of cardiovascular instability associated with skin changes during the use of patent blue, for early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of this hypersensitivity reaction to this dye.

[Allergic reaction to patent blue dye in breast surgery - case report]. / Reação alérgica ao corante azul patente em cirurgia de mama - relato de caso.

We present a case of allergic reaction to patent blue in a patient who underwent excision of sentinel lymph node associated with segmental breast resection. About 20minutes after the dye injection, the patient developed hypotension (BP=70×30mmHg) associated with increased heart frequency. The patient was treated successfully with decreased inspired fraction of inhaled anesthetic and fluid replacement. At the end of the procedure, she presented with bluish urticarial - like plaques on the head, neck, upper limbs, and trunk; hydrocortisone was then used. The patient recovered uneventfully and was discharged from the PACU two hours after the end of surgery without skin changes, and was discharged from hospital on the morning after surgery. The incidence of allergic reactions with the use of patent blue is far superior to the hypersensitivity reactions seen with anesthetic and adjuvant drugs. Therefore, the anesthesiologist must be aware of cardiovascular instability associated with skin changes during the use of patent blue, for early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of this hypersensitivity reaction to this dye.

Tumor filoide maligno de mama bilateral: relato de caso / Bilateral malignant phyllodes tumor of breast: a case report

O tumor filoide da mama é uma entidade rara, responsável por menos de 1% dos tumores de mama, 2 a 3% dos tumores fibroepiteliais e o sarcoma mais frequente na mama, tendo máxima incidência aos 35-55 anos e acometimento bilateral somente em 3% desses casos. Por conta de sua semelhança macroscópica ao fibroadenoma, exames de imagem são insuficientes para o diagnóstico pré-operatório. O tratamento usual do tumor é a ressecção cirúrgica com margens livres de segurança, se estendendo a mastectomia em casos de tumores borderline, malignos ou recorrentes. O tratamento adjuvante deve ser considerado principalmente nos casos de tumores recorrentes, malignos ou após metástase, entretanto sua efetividade não está comprovada. Este trabalho relata o caso de uma paciente do sexo feminino, 47 anos, encaminhada ao serviço do Hospital Universitário Oswaldo Cruz após tumorectomia em mama direita e diagnóstico anatomopatológico de tumor filoide maligno, sendo realizada mastectomia simples de mama direita. Cerca de um ano e meio de pós-operatório, houve evolução com recidiva local e tumor filoide maligno na mama contralateral, e a paciente foi submetida novamente a tratamento cirúrgico, mas agora seguida por quimio e radioterapia adjuvantes. Após seis meses do tratamento, ela evoluiu com metástases em tórax, abdome e cabeça, seguindo em tratamento paliativo.

The phyllodes tumor of the breast is a rare entity that accounts for less than 1% of breast tumors, 2 to 3% of fibroepithelial tumors and the most common sarcoma in the breast, with peak of incidence at 35-55 years, and only in 3% of cases there is bilateral. Because of macroscopic similarity to the fibroadenoma, imaging exams are insufficient to preoperative diagnosis. The usual treatment of PT is surgical resection with free safety margins, extending mastectomy in cases of borderline tumors, malignant or recurrent. The adjuvant treatment should be considered in recurrent tumors, malignant or after metastasis, however its effectiveness is unproven. This paper reports the case of a female patient, 47 years-old, sent to the service of University Hospital Oswaldo Cruz after lumpectomy in right breast and pathological diagnosis of malignant phyllodes tumor, being held simple mastectomy right breast. About a year and a half after surgery, there was local recurrence and malignant phyllodes tumor in the contralateral breast, and the patient was resubmitted to surgery, but now followed by adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy. After six months of treatment, patient developed metastases in the chest, abdomen and head, following in palliative treatment.

Avaliação de métodos de concentração e detecção molecular de adenovírus em águas não tratadas - uma metanálise / Evaluación de métodos para concentración y detección molecular de adenovirus en agua no tratada: Un meta-análisis / Assessment of methods for the concentration and molecular detection of adenovirus in untreated water: A meta-analysis

Metodologias moleculares baseadas em PCR têm sido utilizadas para detectar adenovírus (AdVs) em amostras ambientais. É consenso entre os pesquisadores que estas metodologias oferecem vantagens sobre os métodos tradicionais de isolamento viral por cultura celular, sendo mais sensíveis, específicas e propiciando menor tempo de diagnóstico; contudo, há divergências em relação ao método de concentração viral a ser utilizado em amostras ambientais. Assim sendo, realizou-se uma metanálise com o intuito de responder aos questionamentos concernentes à eficácia do uso de três metodologias de concentração viral associadas à detecção molecular de AdVs em amostras de águas não tratadas, para a qual foram selecionados 33 estudos. Concluiu-se que: a) PCR não deve ser o método de escolha para detectar AdVs em amostras ambientais, devendo-se priorizar qPCR ou Nested-PCR; b) para detectar AdVs em amostras de rios ou lagos, a metodologia de escolha deve ser a associação entre ultracentrifugação e Nested-PCR; c) é aconselhável utilizar associação entre microfiltração em membrana, ultrafiltração e qPCR para detectar AdVs em amostras de esgotos tratados e não tratados. Estudos adicionais são necessários para avaliar os métodos que foram empregados em um único estudo e/ou com número escasso de amostras.

La detección de adenovirus (AdVs) en muestras ambientales se realiza por medio de metodologías moleculares basadas en PCR. Existe consenso entre los investigadores que estas metodologías ofrecen algunas ventajas en comparación con los métodos tradicionales de aislamiento de virus por medio de cultivos celulares; sin embargo, el método que se debe usar para concentrar los virus en muestras ambientales todavía es controversial. Por consiguiente, realizamos un meta-análisis dirigido a responder las preguntas respecto a la eficacia de tres métodos de concentración de virus asociados a la detección molecular de AdVs en muestras de agua no tratada, seleccionando 33 estudios. Concluimos que: a) el PCR no debe ser el método de elección para la detección de AdVs en muestras ambientales y que en vez debe usarse prioritariamente el método de qPCR o PCR-Anidada; b) para la detección de AdVs en muestras de agua tomadas de ríos o lagos, el método de elección debe ser una asociación de ultracentrifugación y PCR-Anidada; c) es aconsejable usar una asociación de membrana de microfiltración, ultrafiltración y qPCR para la detección de AdVs en muestras de aguas negras tratadas o no tratadas. Se necesitan más estudios para evaluar los métodos que se han usado en un solo estudio y/o con un número escaso de muestras.

Molecular methodologies based on PCR have been used for the detection of adenovirus (AdVs) in environmental samples. It is a consensus among researchers that these methodologies offer some advantages compared with traditional methods for the isolation of virus by cell culture, since they are more sensitive and specific and also require less processing time; however, the method to be used for virus concentration in environmental samples is still controversial. Consequently, we carried out a meta-analysis, aiming at responding the questions concerning the efficacy of three methods for virus concentration associated to the molecular detection of AdVs in untreated water samples, by selecting 33 studies. We concluded that: a) PCR should not be the method of choice for the detection of AdVs in environmental samples, and instead the use of qPCR or Nested-PCR should be prioritized; b) for the detection of AdVs in water samples collected in rivers or lakes, the method of choice should be an association of ultracentrifugation and Nested-PCR; c) it is advisable to use an association of microfiltration membrane, ultrafiltration, and qPCR for the detection of AdVs in treated and untreated sewage samples. Further studies are needed to evaluate the methods that have been used in only one study and/or with a limited number of samples.

Estudo da morbimortalidade em pacientes com trauma pancreático / Morbimortality in patients with pancreatic trauma

RACIONAL: A lesão pancreática é pouco freqüente após traumas abdominais fechados ou penetrantes, e tem sido relatada entre 0,2 a 12% dos traumas abdominais fechados graves e em cinco a 7% dos traumas penetrantes. A maioria das lesões pancreáticas ocorre em homens jovens e está associada a alta incidência de lesões a órgãos adjacentes e estruturas vasculares importantes. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a morbimortalidade dos pacientes com trauma pancreático, o manuseio aplicado a esses pacientes e sua evolução. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo realizado em pacientes admitidos em unidade de trauma. Treze adultos (> 13 anos) foram estratificados em graves e não-graves de acordo com critérios clínicos no momento da identificação do início do quadro e de acordo com os critérios de Baltazar (A, B, C, D e E). O tipo de trauma externo (aberto ou fechado), a classificação do trauma pancreático, números de órgãos acometidos pelo trauma, número de reoperações, o tipo de suporte nutricional e o tempo de permanência hospitalar também foram analisados. A presença de síndrome compartimental abdominal e a necessidade de fechamento temporário foram estudados e comparados com a morbimortalidade nos pacientes. RESULTADOS: Todos os pacientes eram do sexo masculino com a idade média de 28,6 anos (13 a 60 anos) e apresentaram pancreatite traumática no pós-operatório. Em sete, o ferimento era penetrante por projétil de arma de fogo; em três, abdominal fechado; em dois, por arma branca; em um, grande queimado (> 50% da área corporal). Quanto à classificação do trauma, os graus I e II ocorreram em 38,46; o grau III,15,38 % e o grau IV, 7,7 % . Foram realizadas drenagens da loja pancreática, hemostasia da lesão e pancreatectomia distal com esplenectomia associado à drenagem cavitária Foram classificados como não-grave, oito pacientes. Dentro dos critérios de Baltazar a predominância foi o grau D e C (quatro pacientes, cada). Não houve grau A e apenas um foi E. Apenas três pacientes não foram reoperados (média de 1,7 cirurgias por paciente). Em 46,15%, ocorreu hipertensão intra-abdominal sendo necessário colocação de bolsa de Bogotá. O tempo de internamento variou de 30 à 365 dias (média = 53,4 dias). Ocorreu apenas um óbito. CONCLUSÃO: A pancreatite traumática é de elevada morbimortalidade, e uma das complicações mais importantes relacionada ao trauma pancreático, sendo o seu diagnóstico precoce junto com o acompanhamento multidisciplinar intensivo, o fator que poderá interferir favoravelmente na evolução desses pacientes.

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic lesion is uncommon after closed or penetrating abdominal trauma, being related between 0,2 to 12% in severe closed abdominal traumas and in 5 to 7% of penetrating traumas. The majority of pancreatic lesions occur in young men and is associated with an increased incidence of trauma in adjacent organs and major vascular structures. AIM: To evaluate morbimortality rates, evolution and handling of patients with pancreatic trauma. METHODS: A prospective study of patients admitted to the trauma unit was made. Thirteen adults (>13 years-old) were divided into two groups one composed of severe and the other composed of non-severe patients according to clinical criterion in the moment of identification of trauma using the Balthazars' criteria (A, B, C, D and E). The type of external trauma (opened or closed), classification of pancreatic trauma, number of organs reached by trauma, number of reoperations, type of nutritional support and period of time in the hospital were also analyzed. Presence of compartmental abdominal syndrome and necessity to close trauma temporarily were studied and compared to morbimortality in patients. RESULTS: All patients were male, with an average age of 28,6 years (13 to 60 years of age), presenting postoperatory traumatic pancreatitis. Seven patients, showed penetrating wounds due to firearms; three had closed abdomen; two had knife wounds and one had severe burns (> 50% of body area). Trauma classification showed, I and II degree in 38,46%; III degree in 15,38% and IV degree in 7,7% of patients. Pancreatic drainage, lesion hemostasia and distal pacreactomy with splenectomy associated with cavity drainage were performed. Eight patients were classified as non-severe. According to Balthazars' criteria, grades D and C were predominant, with four patients each. There were no grade A patients and only one was grade E. Only three patients were reoperated (average of 1,7 surgeries per patients). In 46,15% intra-abdominal hypertension occurred, making it necessary to apply the Bogota bag procedure. The period of admission varied between 30 to 365 days (average of 53,4 days). Only one death was registered. CONCLUSIONS: Pancreatitis due to trauma has elevated morbimortality rates and is one of the most significant complications related to pancreatic trauma. Consequently early diagnoses along with intensive multidisciplinary follow-up are important and determinant factors which directly interfere in a favorable evolution of these patients.

Hamartoma do baço: relato de caso e revisão da literatura / Spleen hamartoma: case report and literature review

RACIONAL: Hamartoma do baço é uma lesão incomum. Cerca de cento e cinqüenta hamartomas esplênicos foram descritos na literatura. OBJETIVO: Esse artigo relata um caso de hamartoma esplênico e revisa os achados clínicos e patológicos dessa entidade na literatura. RELATO DO CASO: Mulher com 54 anos queixava-se de sensação de empachamento e aumento do volume abdominal há dois anos. Negava vômitos e alterações do ritmo intestinal, assim como, perda de peso. Ao exame físico foi observado bom estado geral, abdome flácido, doloroso à palpação profunda em hipocôndrio esquerdo, massa palpável à cerca de 8 cm do rebordo costal esquerdo, ruídos hidroaéreos presentes. Os resultados dos exames laboratoriais foram normais Tomografia computadorizada de abdome demonstrou baço aumentado de volume devido à volumosa formação expansiva, heterogênea, com conteúdo predominantemente hipodenso (cístico) e septação grosseira com focos de calcificação de permeio medindo aproximadamente 14,0 x 16,0 x 12,0 cm nos diâmetros longitudinal, ântero-posterior e transverso respectivamente. A paciente foi submetida à laparotomia exploradora onde não foram observados implantes tumorais na cavidade peritoneal e esplenectomia foi realizada sem intercorrências. O exame macroscópico da peça operatória mostrava baço aumentado de volume, pesando 1 170 g e medindo 23,0 x 14,5 x 10,0 cm, chamando atenção uma volumosa massa de 14,5 x 10,0 cm. Exame histopatológico com imunoistoquímica concluiu tratar-se de tecido hamartomatoso e ausência de malignidade. CONCLUSÃO: O hamartoma é tumor benigno raro, mas deve ser lembrado no diagnóstico diferencial de massas originadas do baço, e a esplenectomia pode ser realizada de forma segura e eficaz.

BACKGROUND: Spleen Hamartoma is an uncommon lesion. Approximately one-hundred and fifty spleenic hamartomas have been described in literature. AIM: This article relates a case of spleenic hamartoma and revises clinical and pathological findings pertaining this subject in literature. CASE REPORT: A 54 year-old woman complained of full stomach sensation and increased abdominal volume for two years. She denied vomiting or having any intestinal alteration, as well as no weight loss. Upon physical examination, an overall good state of health was observed, except for a flacid abdomen, painful upon deep palpation in the left hyponchondrium area, showing a palpable mass at approximately 8 cm from the left rebordo costal, as well as hidroairy sounds. Laboratory exams showed no alterations. Computerized tomography of the abdomen showed an increased volume of the spleen due to an expansive volumous formation, heterogeneous, containing a hypodense (cystic) liquid and rough septation with underlying calcifications foci measuring about 14,0 x 16,0 x12,0 cm in diameters longitudinally, antero-posteriorlly and transversally respectively. The patient was submitted to exploratory laparotomy, where no tumors in the peritoneal cavity were observed, allowing spleenectomy to be persued without interventions. Macroscopic exams of the surgical segment showed an increased spleen, weighing 1,170 and measuring 23,0 x 14,5 x 10,0 cm. The attention was called to a volumous mass weighing 14,5 x 10,0 cm. Through hystopathological and immunohistochemical exams, it was concluded that the mass was an hamartomous tissue without any malignancy. CONCLUSION: The harmartoma is a benign rare tumor, nevertheless it should be recalled during differential diagnosis of unknown masses originated in the spleen, making spleenectomy a safe and effective procedure.